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English to Swahili: AMINO ACIDS General field: Medical Detailed field: Medical (general)
Source text - English Amino acids
The branched chain amino acids (BCAAs) are leucine, valine and isoleucine. A multi-million dollar industry of nutritional supplements has grown around the concept that dietary supplements of BCAAs alone produce an anabolic response in humans driven by a stimulation of muscle protein synthesis. In this brief review the theoretical and empirical bases for that claim are discussed. Theoretically, the maximal stimulation of muscle protein synthesis in the post-absorptive state in response to BCAAs alone is the difference between muscle protein breakdown and muscle protein synthesis (about 30% greater than synthesis), because the other EAAs required for synthesis of new protein can only be derived from muscle protein breakdown. Realistically, a maximal increase in muscle protein synthesis of 30% is an over-estimate because the obligatory oxidation of EAAs can never be completely suppressed. An extensive search of the literature has revealed no studies in human subjects in which the response of muscle protein synthesis to orally-ingested BCAAs alone was quantified, and only two studies in which the effect of intravenously infused BCAAs alone was assessed. Both of these intravenous infusion studies found that BCAAs decreased muscle protein synthesis as well as protein breakdown, meaning a decrease in muscle protein turnover. The catabolic state in which the rate of muscle protein breakdown exceeded the rate of muscle protein synthesis persisted during BCAA infusion. We conclude that the claim that consumption of dietary BCAAs stimulates muscle protein synthesis or produces an anabolic response in human subjects is unwarranted.
There are a total of twenty amino acids that comprise muscle protein. Nine of the twenty are considered essential amino acids (EAAs), meaning they cannot be produced by the body in physiologically significant amounts, and therefore are crucial components of a balanced diet. Muscle protein is in a constant state of turnover, meaning that protein synthesis is occurring continuously to replace protein lost as a consequence of protein breakdown. For synthesis of new muscle protein, all the EAAs, along with the eleven non-essential amino acids (NEAAs) that can be produced in the body, must be present in adequate amounts. The branched-chain amino acids leucine, isoleucine and valine are three of the nine EAAs. Leucine is not only a precursor for muscle protein synthesis, but also may play a role as a regulator of intracellular signaling pathways that are involved in the process of protein synthesis.
Translation - Swahili Asidi za Amino
Mnyororo Mgawanyiko wa Asidi za Amino (MMAA) ni leukini, isoleukini, na valine. Tasnia ya mamilioni nyingi ya fedha, ya Virutubisho vya lishe imekua kwa dhana kwamba, virutubisho vya lishe vya MMAA pekee hutoa mwitikio wa kiuundaji kwa wanadamu unaoongozwa na usisimuaji wa usanisi wa protini ya misuli. Katika pitio hili fupi misingi ya kinadharia na kiuhalisia ya dai hilo yanajadiliwa. Kinadharia, msisimuko wa kiwango cha juu wa usanisi wa protini ya misuli katika hali baada ya kufyonzwa kwa MMAA pekee ni tofauti kati ya upangukaji wa protini ya misuli na usanisi wa protini ya misuli (karibia asilimia 30% zaidi ya usanisi), kwa sababu Amino Asidi Muhimu (AAM) zingine zinahitajika kwa usanisi wa protini mpya zinaweza tu kupatikana kutokana na kupanguka kwa protini ya misuli. Kiukweli, ongezeko kubwa la usanisi wa protini ya misuli la 30% ni makadirio ya juu kwa sababu muunganiko wa lazima wa oksijeni na hewa wa AAM hauwezi kukandamizwa kabisa. Utafutaji wa kina wa maandiko haujafunua masomo yoyote katika masomo ya kibinadamu ambayo mwitikio wa usanisi wa protini ya misuli kwa MMAA iliyoingizwa mdomoni pekee ilihesabiwa, na masomo mawili tu ambayo athari ya kuingizwa ndani ya mishipa kwa MMAA pekee ilipimwa. Masomo haya yote ya kuingizwa ndani ya mishipa yaligundua kuwa MMAA ilipunguza usanisi wa protini ya misuli pamoja na kupanguka kwa protini, kumaanisha kupungua kwa ongezeko la protini ya misuli. Hali ya kubomoka ambayo kiwango cha kupanguka kwa protini ya misuli kilizidi kiwango cha usanisi wa protini ya misuli iliendelea wakati wa kuingizwa kwa MMAA. Tunahitimisha kuwa madai kwamba utumiaji lishe wa MMAA huchochea usanisi wa protini ya misuli au hutoa mwitikio wa uundaji wa kumhusisha mwnadamu hauhitajiki.
Kuna jumla ya asidi za amino ishirini ambazo zinajumuisha protini ya misuli. Tisa kati ya ishirini huchukuliwa kuwa asidi za amino muhimu (AAM), ikimaanisha kuwa haziwezi kuzalishwa na mwili kwa kiasi kikubwa cha muhimu kifiziolojia, na kwa hivyo ni vitu muhimu vya lishe bora. Protini ya misuli ipo katika hali ya mzunguko, ikimaanisha kuwa usanisi wa protini unatokea kila wakati kurudishia protini iliyopotea kama matokeo ya kupanguka kwa protini. Kwa usanisi wa protini mpya ya misuli, AAM zote, pamoja na asidi kumi na moja zisizo muhimu za amino ambazo zinaweza kuzalishwa mwilini, lazima ziwepo kwa kiwango cha kutosha. Mnyororo Mgawanyiko wa Asidi za amino leukini, isoleukini, na valine ni tatu kati ya AAM tisa. Leukini sio tu kitangulizi cha usanisi wa protini ya misuli, lakini pia inaweza kuchukua jukumu kama kidhibiti cha njia za kiashirio ndani ya seli zinazohusika katika mchakato wa usanisi wa protini.
English to Swahili: ART General field: Art/Literary Detailed field: Art, Arts & Crafts, Painting
Source text - English Art is a diverse range of human activities in creating visual, auditory or performing artifacts (artworks), expressing the author's imaginative or technical skill, intended to be appreciated for their beauty or emotional power.
In their most general form these activities include the production of works of art, the criticism of art, the study of the history of art, and the aesthetic dissemination of art.
The oldest documented forms of art are visual arts, which include creation of images or objects in fields including today painting, sculpture, printmaking, photography, and other visual media.
Music, theatre, film, dance, and other performing arts, as well as literature and other media such as interactive media, are included in a broader definition of art or the arts.
In modern usage after the 17th century, where aesthetic considerations are paramount, the fine arts are separated and distinguished from acquired skills in general, such as the decorative or applied arts.
Art may be characterized in terms of mimesis (its representation of reality), narrative (storytelling), expression, communication of emotion, or other qualities.
The nature of art and related concepts, such as creativity and interpretation, are explored in a branch of philosophy known as aesthetics.
Translation - Swahili Sanaa ni tofauti ya shughuli za kibinadamu katika vitu vya kuona, ukaguzi au maonesho (kazi za sanaa), ikionyesha ustadi wa mwandishi wa kufikiria au wa kiufundi, unaokusudiwa kuthaminiwa kwa uzuri wao au nguvu ya kihemko.
Katika hali ya kiujumla shughuli hizi ni pamoja na utengenezaji wa kazi za sanaa, ukosoaji wa sanaa, utafiti wa historia ya sanaa, na usambazaji wa sanaa.
Aina za sanaa za zamani zaidi ni sanaa za kuona, ambazo ni pamoja na uundaji wa picha au vitu kwenye uwanja ikiwa ni pamoja na uchoraji wa leo, uchongaji, uchapishaji, upigaji picha, na njia zingine za kuona.
Muziki, ukumbi wa michezo, filamu, densi, na sanaa zingine za maonesho, pamoja na fasihi na njia zingine kama njia ya kuingiliana, imejumuishwa katika ufafanuzi mpana wa sanaa.
Katika matumizi ya kisasa baada ya karne ya 17, ambapo mambo ya kupendeza ni muhimu, sanaa nzuri hutenganishwa na kutofautishwa na ujuzi uliopatikana kwa ujumla, kama sanaa ya mapambo au inayotumika.
Sanaa inaweza kujulikana kwa filosofia na ukosoaji wake kimaandishi (uwakilishi wake wa ukweli), masimulizi (kusimulia hadithi), kujieleza, mawasiliano ya hisia, au sifa zingine.
Asili ya sanaa na dhana zinazohusiana, kama vile ubunifu na tafsiri, hugunduliwa katika tawi la falsafa inayojulikana kama uzuri.
English to Swahili: CROSS BORDER TRADE AND POVERTY ALLEVIATION AMONG FEMALE SARDINES TRADERS IN MWANZA REGION General field: Other Detailed field: Fisheries
Source text - English CROSS BORDER TRADE AND POVERTY ALLEVIATION AMONG FEMALE SARDINES TRADERS IN MWANZA REGION:
Tanzania was ranked number one out of 115 countries in terms of women economic participation (World Bank, 2007). Most of these women own businesses such as informal food vendors (“mama-lishe”), small restaurants, fruit and vegetable vendors, public transport operators (called “Daladala” in Dar es Salaam, “Vipanya” in Arusha and “Express” in Mwanza regions), hair-dressers/barbers, traditional carvings, catering services, baskets and mats manufacturers, etc.
It is believed and has been proved worldwide that women are very instrumental in social economic development and hence having a crucial role in poverty alleviation (Little, 2007). Cross Border Trade involves a greater number of female than male entrepreneurs, consequently has a great contribution in promoting and empowering women towards community development in many parts of Africa, Southern Sahara, and Tanzania in particular. It is not only a source of income for people to meet their daily household commitments and other basic needs but also as a source of employment (Banda, 2010). In Tanzania, Cross Border Trade seems to be done by women and appears to be big, dominated by an increasing number of young female operators with age group of 10-39 years and mostly found in the trade/restaurant/hotel sub-sector (UNDP, 2002). Consequently, it contributes a lot to the country’s economic growth. Realizing the importance of this contribution, some efforts were made to support women in African countries South of Sahara to arrive at a best baseline programs in each sub-region through studies.
Some of these programs were to;
(1) Support the Involvement in Informal Cross Border Trade: A Case of Women Entrepreneurs in Tanzania 1524 coalitions and organizations of women Cross Border Trade;
(2)Enhance leadership, commitment, and accountability;
(3)Ensure the visibility of women contribution to employment and wealth creation aimed at reducing poverty;
(4)Disseminate best practices to support women and fight stigmatization and violence.
Nyamizi Kabalega, is a 43 years old female, a primary school leaver and a single mother with four children from Ilemela Mwanza. She is among the few successful Cross Border Traders who exports Sardines up to 20 tones per week to countries like Rwanda, Burundi and DRC.
Nyamizi Kabalega, before reaching a level of exporting sardines, she used to be a laborer in Mwaloni Fish Market, being paid a wage of TZS 4,000/- to 5,000/- per day, according to the work done.
Her main work was to dry the sardines, removing unwanted wastes, and packing the sardines into sacks. She was able to pack 10 - 15 sacks a day. Discipline and hard working, helped her to reach where she wanted for so long time. The small amount that she earned per day, was enough to meet her needs and children too also to save some amount remained.
From the saved amount, its where she got a capital to start the business she is doing by now. She later took loan from CRDB Bank, which boosted her so much and by now she have capital estimated amount of TZS 10,000,000/- which helps her to trade outside the countries.
The business helped Nyamizi to build a fine two villa houses at Nyegezi kona, paying school fees to her all Children, driving a descent Black Toyota Vanguard, and having more than twenty laborers who work for her. Nyamizi’s experience is an inspiration to many women who struggling to earn their living in cumbersome situations, so that they may utilize the opportunities they have and take advantage of Cross Border Trade to generate income, create employment and uplift their socioeconomic status including poverty reduction.
Nyamizi’s quote;
“My Husband left me with four children, and I was hopeless. No one was there to help me raising my children. Not my relatives nor His. It is through painful struggles that put me where I am today. I thank Almighty God, who strengthen me and leaded me through all tiresome passes I went through all the years. I encourage my fellow women to keep it up and focus by having true determinations of where they want to reach. “Work as a slave, to live as a king” is a say I would like to dedicate to all Women out there.”
Translation - Swahili BIASHARA YA MIPAKANI NA KUPUNGUZA UMASKINI KATIKA WANAWAKE WANAOFANYABIASHARA YA DAGAA MKOANI MWANZA:
Tanzania ilishika nafasi ya kwanza kati ya nchi 115 kwa ushiriki wa wanawake kiuchumi (Benki ya Dunia, 2007). Wengi wa wanawake hawa wanamiliki biashara kama vile wauzaji wasio rasmi wa chakula ("mama-lishe"), migahawa midogo, wauzaji wa matunda na mboga, wasimamizi wa usafiri wa umma (unaoitwa "Daladala" jijini Dar es Salaam, "Vipanya" jijini Arusha na "Express" katika Mikoa ya Mwanza), wavuni / wenye kunyoa nywele, nakshi za kitamaduni, huduma za upishi, vikapu na wazalishaji wa mikeka, n.k.
Inaaminika na imethibitishwa ulimwenguni kuwa wanawake ni muhimu sana katika maendeleo ya uchumi wa jamii na kwa hivyo wana jukumu muhimu katika kupunguza umaskini (Kidogo, 2007). Biashara ya Mpakani inahusisha idadi kubwa ya wajasiriamali wa kike kuliko wa kiume, kwa hivyo wana mchango mkubwa katika kukuza na kuwawezesha wanawake kuelekea maendeleo ya jamii katika maeneo mengi ya Afrika, Kusini mwa Sahara, na Tanzania haswa. Sio tu chanzo cha mapato kwa watu kutimiza majukumu na mahitaji yao ya kila siku ya kaya pamoja na mahitaji mengine ya kimsingi, lakini pia kama chanzo cha ajira (Banda, 2010). Nchini Tanzania, Biashara ya Mpakani huonekana kufanywa na wanawake na inaonekana kuwa kubwa, ikitawaliwa na idadi kubwa ya waendeshaji vijana wa kike walio na umri wa miaka 10-39 na wengi wao hupatikana katika sekta ndogo ya biashara / mgahawa / hoteli (UNDP, 2002). Kwa hivyo, inachangia sana ukuaji wa uchumi wa nchi. Kutambua umuhimu wa mchango huu, juhudi zingine zilifanywa kusaidia wanawake katika nchi za Kiafrika Kusini mwa Sahara kufikia programu bora za msingi katika kila mkoa mdogo kupitia masomo. Baadhi ya programu hizi zilikuwa;
(1)Kusaidia Ushirikishwaji wa Biashara Isiyo rasmi ya Mpakani: Wanawake Wajasiriamali nchini Tanzania miungano na mashirika 1524 ya Biashara ya Mipaka ya Wanawake;
(2)Kuwezesha uongozi, kujitolea, na uwajibikaji;
(3)Kuhakikisha kujulikana kwa mchango wa wanawake katika ajira na uzalishaji mali unaolenga kupunguza umaskini;
(4)Kuongeza mazoea bora ya kusaidia wanawake na kupambana na unyanyapaaji pamoja na unyanyasaji.
Nyamizi Kabalega, ni mwanamke wa miaka 43, aliyeishia elimu ya shule ya msingi, anayeishi pekee yake na watoto wake wanne Ilemela Mwanza. Yeye ni miongoni mwa Wafanyabiashara wachache waliofanikiwa wa Mpakani ambao husafirisha dagaa hadi tani 20 kwa wiki kwenda nchi kama Rwanda, Burundi na DRC.
Nyamizi Kabalega, kabla ya kufikia kiwango cha kusafirisha dagaa nje ya nchi, alikuwa kibarua katika Soko la Samaki la Mwaloni, akilipwa posho ya TZS 4,000 / - hadi 5,000 / - kwa siku, kulingana na kazi iliyofanywa.
Kazi yake kuu ilikuwa kukausha dagaa, kuondoa taka zisizohitajika, na kupakia dagaa kwenye magunia. Aliweza kupakia magunia 10 - 15 kwa siku. Nidhamu na kufanya kazi kwa bidii, ilimsaidia kufikia ambapo alitaka kwa muda mrefu. Kiasi kidogo alichopata kwa siku, kilitosha kukidhi mahitaji yake na watoto pia kuokoa kiasi fulani kilichobaki.
Kutoka kwa kiasi kilichohifadhiwa, ndipo alipopata mtaji wa kuanzisha biashara anayofanya kwa sasa. Baadaye alichukua mkopo kutoka Benki ya CRDB, ambayo ilimwongezea nguvu sana na kwa sasa ana mtaji unaokadiriwa kuwa TZS 10,000,000 / - ambayo inamsaidia kufanya biashara nje ya nchi.
Biashara hiyo ilimsaidia Nyamizi kujenga nyumba mbili za kupendeza aina ya villa eneo la Nyegezi kona, kulipia watoto wake ada za shule, kuendesha gari tulivu jeusi aina ya “Toyota Vanguard”, na kuwa na vibarua zaidi ya ishirini wanaomfanyia kazi. Uzoefu wa Nyamizi ni msukumo kwa wanawake wengi ambao wanajitahidi kupata riziki zao katika hali ngumu, ili waweze kutumia fursa walizonazo na kutumia faida ya Biashara ya Mpakani ili kupata mapato, kutengeneza ajira na kuinua hali zao za kijamii na kiuchumi pamoja na kupunguza umaskini.
Nukuu ya Nyamizi;
Mume wangu aliniacha na watoto wanne, na sikuwa na tumaini. Hakuna mtu aliyekuwepo kunisaidia kulea watoto wangu. Sio ndugu zangu wala ndugu zake. Ni kupitia mapambano ya maumivu ambayo yameniweka hapa nilipo leo. Ninamshukuru Mungu Mweza-Yote, ambaye aliniimarisha na kuniongoza kupitia yote yenye kuchosha ambayo nilipitia miaka yote. Ninawahimiza wanawake wenzangu kujitahidi na kuzingatia, kwa kuwa na maamuzi ya kweli ya wapi wanataka kufikia. "Fanya kazi kama mtumwa, ili uishi kama mfalme" ni usemi ambao ningependa kuwapa Wanawake wote.
English to Swahili: MUSIC General field: Art/Literary Detailed field: Music
Source text - English MUSIC
Music is a supporting component of many kinds of entertainment and most kinds of performance.
For example, it is used to enhance storytelling, it is indispensable in dance and opera, and is usually incorporated into dramatic film or theatre productions.
Music is also a universal and popular type of entertainment on its own, constituting an entire performance such as when concerts are given.
Depending on the rhythm, instrument, performance and style, music is divided into many genres, such as classical, jazz, folk, rock, pop music or traditional.
Since the 20th century, performed music, once available only to those who could pay for the performers, has been available cheaply to individuals by the entertainment industry which broadcasts it or pre-records it for sale.
The wide variety of musical performances, whether or not they are artificially amplified, all provide entertainment irrespective of whether the performance is from soloists, choral or orchestral groups, or ensemble.
Live performances use specialized venues, which might be small or large; indoors or outdoors; free or expensive.
The audiences have different expectations of the performers as well as of their own role in the performance.
For example, some audiences expect to listen silently and are entertained by the excellence of the music, its rendition or its interpretation.
Other audiences of live performances are entertained by the ambience and the chance to participate.
Even more listeners are entertained by pre-recorded music and listen privately.
Translation - Swahili MUZIKI
Muziki ni sehemu inayosaidia aina nyingi za burudani na aina nyingi za utumbwizaji.
Kwa mfano, hutumika kukolezea usimulizi wa hadithi, ni muhimu katika densi na uimbaji aina ya "opera", na kawaida hujumuishwa katika filamu za kuigiza au maonesho ya ukumbi wa michezo.
Muziki pia ni aina ya burudani na maarufu kwa aina yake peke yake, ikijumuisha utumbwizaji mzima kama vile matamasha yanapotolewa.
Kulingana na mkong'osio, ala, utumbwizaji na mtindo, muziki umegawanyika katika aina nyingi, kama vile "classical", "jazz", "folk", "rock", muziki wa "pop" au wa "jadi".
Tangu karne ya 20, muziki uliotumbuizwa, mara moja ulipatikana tu kwa wale ambao wangeweza kulipa kwa wasanii, umekuwa ukipatikana kwa bei rahisi kwa watu binafsi na tasnia ya burudani ambayo inaitangaza au inarekodi mapema ili kuuzwa.
Aina anuwai ya maonesho ya muziki, iwe yamekuzwa kwa kuboreshwa au la, yote hutoa burudani bila kujali ikiwa onesho hilo limetoka kwa waimbaji binafsi, kwaya au vikundi vya wacheza vyombo, au vyombo jumuishi.
Maonesho mubashara hutumia kumbi maalumu, ambazo zinaweza kuwa ndogo au kubwa; ndani au nje; bure au ghali.
Hadhira ina matarajio tofauti ya wasanii na jukumu lao wenyewe katika kutumbwiza.
Kwa mfano, wasikilizaji wengine hutegemea kusikia utulivu na wanaburudishwa na ubora wa muziki, uletwaji wake au tafsiri yake.
Watazamaji wengine wa maonesho mubashara wanaburudishwa na mazingira na nafasi ya wao kushiriki.
Wasikilizaji zaidi wanaburudishwa na muziki uliorekodiwa kabla na wanasikiliza kwa faragha.
English to Swahili: SOCIAL SCIENCE General field: Social Sciences Detailed field: Social Science, Sociology, Ethics, etc.
Source text - English Social science is a major category of academic disciplines, concerned with society and the relationships among individuals within a society.
It in turn has many branches, each of which is considered a "social science".
The social sciences include economics, political science, human geography, demography, psychology, sociology, anthropology, archaeology, jurisprudence, history, and linguistics.
The term is also sometimes used to refer specifically to the field of sociology, the original 'science of society', established in the 19th century.
A more detailed list of sub-disciplines within the social sciences can be found at Outline of social science.
Positivist social scientists use methods resembling those of the natural sciences as tools for understanding society, and so define science in its stricter modern sense.
Interpretivist social scientists, by contrast, may use social critique or symbolic interpretation rather than constructing empirically falsifiable theories, and thus treat science in its broader sense.
In modern academic practice, researchers are often eclectic, using multiple methodologies (for instance, by combining the quantitative and qualitative researchs).
The term social research has also acquired a degree of autonomy as practitioners from various disciplines share in its aims and methods.
Translation - Swahili Sayansi ya jamii ni aina kubwa ya jamii za kitaaluma, zinazohusika na jamii na uhusiano baina ya watu ndani ya jamii.
Kwa upande mwingine ina matawi mengi, ambayo kila moja inachukuliwa kuwa "sayansi ya kijamii".
Sayansi za kijamii inahusisha uchumi, sayansi ya siasa, jiografia ya wanadamu, demografia, saikolojia, sosholojia, anthropolojia, akiolojia, sheria, historia, na isimu.
Neno hili pia wakati mwingine hutumiwa kutaja haswa uwanja wa sosholojia, kwa asili "sayansi ya jamii" ya asili, iliyoanzishwa katika karne ya 19.
Orodha ya kina zaidi ya taaluma ndogo ndani ya sayansi ya jamii inaweza kupatikana kwenye muhtasari wa sayansi ya kijamii.
Wanasayansi wa jamii wenye mlengo chanya hutumia njia zinazofanana na zile za sayansi ya asili kama zana za kuelewa jamii, na kwa hivyo inafafanua sayansi kwa maana yake hasa kisasa.
Wanasayansi wa kijamii wenye mlengo wa kufasiri, kwa kulinganisha, wanaweza kutumia ukosoaji wa kijamii au tafsiri ya ishara badala ya kujenga nadharia za uwongo, na hivyo kuimudu sayansi katika maana yake pana.
Katika utendaji wa kisasa wa kitaaluma, watafiti mara nyingi huwa na busara, wakitumia mbinu nyingi (kwa mfano, kwa kuchanganya utafiti wa upimaji na ubora).
Neno utafiti wa kijamii pia umepata kiwango cha kujitawala kama ambavyo watendaji kutoka taaluma anuwai hushiriki katika malengo na njia zake.
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