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French to English: Interosseous anesthesia (l'anesthésie intra-osseuse) - translated in 2008 General field: Medical Detailed field: Medical: Dentistry
Source text - French [...]
L'anesthésie intra-osseuse consiste en l'injection de la solution anesthésique dans l'os trabéculaire inter alvéolaire.
La diffusion de cette solution se trouve alors sous la dépendance de la physiologie environnante.
L'anesthésie sera immédiate, variable en durée selon la quantité injectée et le vasoconstricteur utilisé.
Ses caractéristiques seront quelque peu différentes suivant qu'elle sera effectuée à la mandibule qui possède une irrigation unidirectionnelle centrifuge ou au maxillaire dont l'irrigation est pluridirectionnelle et centripète.
Dès maintenant, il est possible d'affirmer qu'en règle générale l'utilisation d'une demi-cartouche permettra l'anesthésie des deux dents proximales au point d'injection, alors qu'une cartouche entière permettra l'anesthésie de 6 dents sans engourdissement des tissus mous.
Réalisation
Les points de perforation se situent toujours sur une verticale passant par le sommet de la papille, 3 à 5 mm au dessus de la ligne des collets pour le maxillaire et 2 à 3 mm au-dessous de cette ligne à la mandibule.
Le protocole de réalisation est systématiquement toujours le même.
Pour injecter dans l'os trabéculaire, le praticien doit traverser deux tissus:
la muqueuse et la corticale.
La première étape consistera donc à anesthésier la muqueuse attachée ; à cette fin, il faut poser le biseau de l'aiguille bien à plat sur la muqueuse et, grâce à la prise stylo de la pièce à main, avoir un contrôle parfait de la pénétration de cette aiguille.
La deuxième étape consiste à perforer la corticale grâce à la mise en rotation de l'aiguille de façon discontinue (afin d'éviter l'échauffement de cette corticale).
La troisième étape, après la perception du déclic annonçant la traversée de l'os cortical, réside en l'injection lente et progressive (contrôlée électroniquement) de la solution anesthésique.
La quantité injectée et la concentration du vasoconstricteur auront été déterminées en fonction du temps de travail envisagé qui pourra varier d'un 1/4 d'heure à 1 heure et 1/4.
Bien sûr, des variations individuelles seront constatées.
[...]
Translation - English [...]
The interosseous anesthesia consists of an injection of the anesthetic solution into the interalveolar trabecular bone.
The diffusion of this solution is therefore dependent on the surrounding physiology.
The anesthesia acts instantaneously, its duration varying with the quantity injected and the vasoconstrictor used.
Its characteristics will be somewhat different depending on whether it is carried out on the mandible, which has centrifugal unidirectional blood flow, or on the maxilla, where blood flow is multidirectional and centripetal.
As of now, it is feasible to claim as a general rule that the use of a half-cartridge will anesthetize two teeth proximal to the injection site, while a full cartridge will anesthetize six teeth without numbing the soft tissues.
Method
The perforation sites are always located on a vertical line passing through the top of the papilla, 3 to 5 mm above the cervical line for the maxilla and 2 to 3 mm below this line on the mandible.
The protocol for carrying this out is still the same.
To inject into the trabecular bone, the practitioner has to go through two tissues:
the mucous membrane and the cortical bone.
The first step therefore consists of anesthetizing the attached mucous membrane; to do so, you must put the bevel of the needle down very flat on the mucous membrane, and, you must have perfect control of the penetration of this needle by means of a pencil grip around the hand piece.
The second step consists of perforating the cortical bone by activating needle rotation intermittently (to avoid inflammation of the cortical bone).
The third step, after hearing the click that indicates you have gone through the cortical bone, involves the slow and progressive injection (controlled electronically) of the anesthetic solution.
The amount injected and the concentration of the vasoconstrictor will have been determined based on the expected work time, which will vary from 15 minutes to 1 hour 15 minutes.
Of course, individual variations will be observed.
[...]
Italian to English: Ministerial Decree for the safety, environmental remediation and restoration of polluted sites General field: Law/Patents Detailed field: Environment & Ecology
Source text - Italian [...]
II.9) Progettazione per Fasi
La progettazione deve chiaramente esplicitare Ia tempistica complessiva, le relazioni tra i diversi interventi e i piani gestionale dell'assieme degli interventi.
Relazione tecnica descrittiva
La relazione descrittiva del progetto preliminare deve contenere almeno:
1. Risultati delle attività del piano di campionamento ed analisi con indicazione delle non conformità ed azioni correttive attuate in rapporto a quanto approvato competente.
2. Descrizione di eventual dall'autorita i indagini geofisiche, geognostiche e delle stratigrafie dei carotaggi prelevati durante il campionamento e verifica di congruenza con Ia descrizione idrogeologica del sito.
3. Descrizione di ogni altra indagine, di tipo diretto o indiretto, svolta su altre componenti ambientali del sito e dell'area interessata.
4. Descrizione del tipo e grado di inquinamento, per ognuna delle principali sostanze rilevate. Descrizione dei metodi adottati per definire estensione e grado dell'inquinamento.
5. Aggiornamento della indagine storica concernente le attività e/o cause che hanno prodotto l'inquinamento.
[...]
Translation - English [...]
II. 9) Planning phase
The plan must clearly explain the timing of overall relationships between the various interventions and management plans for assembly operations.
Descriptive technical report
The preliminary report describing the plan must (at the very least) contain:
1. Performance of sampling and analysis plan with an indication of non-compliance and corrective action taken in relation to what was approved by the competent authority.
2. A description of any geophysical and stratigraphic geognostic cores taken during the sampling and testing of congruence with the description of the hydrological site.
3. Description of any further investigation, direct or indirect, held on other environmental components of the site and the area affected.
4. Description of the type and degree of contamination for each of the main substances detected. Description of methods used to define extension and degree of contamination.
5. Update on the activities of historical inquiry and/or causes that have produced contamination.
[...]
French to English: Part of an engineering document I translated in 2008 (American English) General field: Tech/Engineering Detailed field: Engineering (general)
Source text - French [...]
CARACTERISTIQUES TECHNIQUES (PROFILS, ACTIVITES COUTUMIERES, ACTIVITES OCCASIONNELLES)
Groupe O - OUVRAGES D’ART ET D’EQUIPEMENT INDUSTRIEL
Ouvrage d’art de haute technicité
Reprise en sous œuvre.
Déplacement d’ouvrage par ripage exhaussement.
Etanchéité sur ouvrage d’art.
Forage dans la maçonnerie, carottage, sciage.
Coffrages glissants en progression verticale.
Compression d’ouvrages par précontrainte.
Levage d’ouvrage préfabriqués béton.
Protection phonique.
Injection de structures.
Reconstitution de précontrainte ou précontrainte additionnelle.
Renforcement de structure avec traitement des aciers, passivation.
Renforcement, consolidation des fonctions.
Rejointoiement.
Projection de béton non armé.
Pose de joints de chaussée.
Changement d’appareils d’appui.
Groupe 1A - TERRASSEMENTS
Terrassements en très grande masse, > 4000000 m3 sur 12 mois, nécessitant laboratoire et bureau d’études de sols intégrés.
Travaux a l’explosif de technicité supérieur.
Démolition ou abattage par procédés mécaniques.
Espaces verts, engazonnement, plantation d’arbustes, terrains de sport.
Protections contre l’érosion par fascinage.
Terrassements pour travaux de VRD.
Groupe 1B - FONDATIONS SPECIALES ET PROCEDES D’EXECUTION PARTIULIERS
Fondations spéciales et procédés d’exécution particuliers, effectif de l’entreprise entre 20 et 100 salariés.
Pieux battus.
Groupe 1B - FONDATIONS SPECIALES ET PROCEDES D’EXECUTION PARTIULIERS (suite)
Pieux forés.
Battage de palplanches en site terrestre.
Caisson havés.
Pieux à tube battu.
Puits de fondations.
Rabattement de nappe aquifère.
Béton immergé.
Parois berlinoises, parisiennes, clouées.
Forages et sondages de reconnaissance de consolidation ou de drainage.
Clouage par mise en œuvre de tubes ou barres non précontraints.
Injection de consolidation ou d’étanchement des sols.
Puits et forages auxiliaires.
Fonçage de canalisations par poussage.
Groupe 1C - TRAVAUX SOUTERRAINS
Importante travaux souterrains en site urbain tributaires des sujétions liées a leur implantation.
Ouvrage linéaires de grande longueur ou excavations de section importante en terrain difficile et en site naturel.
Travaux de réparation et d’entretien en site naturel non urbanisé d'ouvrages souterrains.
Groupe 2 - TRAVAUX EN SITE MARITIME OU FLUVIAL
Ouvrages de toutes technicités en zone maritime non protégée.
Battage en zone maritime protégée ou en zone fluviale.
Battage en site terrestre ou depuis la berge.
Eléments préfabriqués immergés par engins flottants en zone maritime protégée ou fluviale.
Levage et mise en place au moyen d’engins flottants, d’éléments préfabriqués d’ouvrage en élévation.
Protection, stabilisation des berges par enrochements, gabions, fascines.
Groupe 2 - TRAVAUX EN SITE MARITIME OU FLUVIAL (suite)
Revêtements en béton de ciment coulés en place.
Revêtements en béton de ciment en éléments préfabriqués.
Groupe 3 - TRAVAUX DE ROUTES, D’AERODROMES ET TRAVAUX ANALOGUES
Travaux de chaussées de routes d’importance moyenne (>= TC4 et = 70 000 tonnes), 3.3 (> 15 000 tonnes), 3.4 (> 300 000 m2) ou d’ECF (>= 200 000 m2).
Rectification et aménagement de profils de chaussées
Couche de forme non traitée.
Traitement ou retraitement en place des matériaux.
Matériaux traités aux liants hydrauliques ou hydrocarbonés ou mixtes.
Fondations de chaussées en béton de ciment.
Enrobés a la main sur chaussées
Fabrication en centrale fixe ou mobile de matériaux traités et GRH.
Pose de pavés ou dalles en béton ou autres matériaux
Pose de bordures.
Réfection de tranchées en revêtement hydrocarboné.
Petits ouvrage divers en maçonnerie
Barrières de sécurité, clôtures, signalisation routière.
DBA - GBA.
Ecrans acoustiques.
Groupe 5 - TRAVAUX DE LA FILIERE EAU
Entreprise intégrant au moins un conducteur de travaux, deux chefs d’équipe ; a réalisé au moins 8 réseaux d’AEP (IP 5402) en 5 ans ou a une IP coutumière 5400, 5401, 5421.
Entreprise intégrant au moins un bureau d’études intégré, un responsable sécurité, quatre conducteurs de travaux, huit chefs équipe ; a réalisé au moins 8 réseaux EU-EP (IP 5500) en 5 ans.
Réservoirs d’eau enterrés ou semi-enterrés de capacité >= 5000 m3.
Réservoirs d’eau enterrés ou semi-enterrés de capacité 2000 à 5000 m3.
Bassins de station d’épuration > 5000 m3.
Génie civil des stations de pompage.
Réseaux d’eau sous pression d’essai >= 6 bars et de > 500 mm ou de tout si pression d’essai > 25 bars.
Canalisations d’eau sous pression de longueur minimale 100 m, >= 80 mm, pression >= 6 bars.
Réseaux de canalisations EU - EP en site urbain, >= 1500 mm ou de toute section à profondeur > 3 m.
Canalisations de refoulement EU, >= 80 mm et pression à 1 bar minimum.
Entretien, curage, nettoyage de canalisations EU.
Construction de canalisation par microtunnelier.
Réhabilitation en continu de canalisations à écoulement libre, > 800 mm ; réparation et renforcement.
Groupe 8 - OUVRAGES D’ART ET D’EQUIPEMENT INDUSTRIEL EN CONSTRUCTION METLLIQUE
Montage, levage d’ouvrage métalliques nécessitant un matériel de grande puissance en site terrestre.
Montage, levage d’ouvrages métalliques courants en site fluvial et maritime.
Echafaudages tubulaires.
Groupe 9 - TRAVAUX DE GENIE AGRICOLE
Assainissement des sols et drainage.
Translation - English [...]
TECHNICAL CHARACTERISTICS (PROFILES, USUAL ACITIVITIES, OCCASIONAL ACTIVITIES)
Group O – INDUSTRIAL STRUCTURES AND FITTINGS
High-tech structures.
Underpinning.
Moving structures by lateral raising.
Watertightness on structures.
Drilling in masonry, core boring, sawing.
Formwork machines sliding vertically.
Compressing structures by prestressing.
Lifting structures prefabricated from concrete.
Noise protection.
Structural injection.
Repairing of prestressing or additional prestressing.
Structural reinforcement with steel treatment, passivation.
Reinforcement, strengthening of functions.
Regrouting.
Casting of non-fitted concrete.
Setting expansion joints.
Changing bearing devices.
Group 1A - EARTHWORKS
Large-scale earthworks, > 4,000,000 m3 in 12 months, requiring a laboratory and office for integrated floor studies.
Work on superior high-tech explosives.
Demolition or extracting by mechanical processes.
Green spaces, turfing, planting shrubs, sports grounds.
Protection against erosion by fascine work.
Earthworks for work on Roads and Utility Services.
Group 1B – SPECIAL FOUNDATIONS AND PARTICULAR PRODUCTION PROCESSES
Special foundations and particular production processes, company workforce between 20 and 100 employees.
Beaten piles.
Group 1B – SPECIAL FOUNDATIONS AND PARTICULAR PRODUCTION PROCESSES (continued)
Piles drilled.
Sheet piles beaten on land sites.
Caissons cut.
Piles beam driven.
Foundation shafts.
Lowering of the water table.
Dipped concrete.
Nailed partitions from Berlin, Paris.
Survey drilling and boring for strengthening or drainage.
Pinning by installation of non-precordial tubes or bars.
Reinforcement or watertight injection for floors.
Additional shafts and drilling.
Boring of pipes by pushing.
Group 1C - UNDERGROUND WORKS
Important underground work on reliant urban sites with constraint linked to their implantation.
Linear work of long duration or excavations of important sections on difficult soil and on natural sites.
Repair and maintenance work on natural non urbanized sites of underground works.
Group 2 - WORK IN MARITIME OR RIVER SITES
Work of all technical nature in non protected maritime zones.
Beating in protected maritime zones or in fluvial zones.
Beating on land sites or from the riverside.
Prefabricated elements submerged by floating engines in protected maritime or fluvial zones.
Lifting and setting by means of floating engines and prefabricated engines from an elevated structure.
Protection and stabilization of riversides by rubble, gabions, fascines.
Group 2 - WORK IN MARITIME OR RIVER SITES (continuation)
Concrete surfaces of cement poured into place.
Concrete surfaces of cement in prefabricated elements.
Group 3 – WORK ON ROADS, AIRDROMES AND SIMILAR WORK
Work on roadways of average importance (>= TC4 et = 70 000 tons), 3.3 (> 15 000 tons), 3.4 (> 300 000 m2) or ECF (>= 200 000 m2).
Straightening and making of road profiles.
Untreated layers.
Treatment or reprocessing of materials on the spot.
Treated materials with hydraulic, hydrocarbon or mixed binders.
Cement concrete road foundations.
Hand-mixed on the roads
Manufacture in fixed or mobile plant of treated materials et graded wet sand-gravel mix.
Setting tiles or slabs of concrete or other materials
Setting curbstones.
Repairing of trenches with hydrocarbon surfacing.
Small miscellaneous masonry work.
Safety barriers, walls, traffic signs and signals.
DBA – GBA.
Noise-abatement structures.
Group 5 – WORK ON WATER PATHS
Firm integrating at least one supervisor, two foremen; carried out at least 8 AEP networks (CPI 5402) in 5 years or has a usual CPI of 5400, 5401, 5421.
Firm integrating at least one office for studies, one person in charge of security, four supervisors, eight foremen; has carried out at least 8 EU-EP networks (CPI 5500) in 5 years.
Subterranean or semi-subterranean water reservoirs with a capacity >= 5000 m3.
Subterranean or semi-subterranean water reservoirs with a capacity of 2000 to 5000 m3.
Treatment plant stations > 5000 m3.
Civil engineering pump stations.
Water facilities under test pressure >= 6 bars and from > 500 mm or for all if test pressure > 25 bars.
Water canalization under pressure with minimal length 100 m, >= 80 mm, pressure >= 6 bars.
EU-EP canalization networks in urban sites, >= 1500 mm or for all sections with depth > 3 m.
EU reversal canalizations, >= 80 mm and pressure at 1 bar minimum.
Maintenance, cleaning-out, cleaning EU canalizations.
Construction of canalization by micro-tunnellers.
Continuing restoration of canalizations with free flow, > 800 mm; repairing and reinforcing.
Group 8 – INDUSTRIAL STRUCTURES AND EQUIPMENT IN METALLIC CONSTRUCTION
Setting up and lifting metallic structures requiring material with great power on land sites.
Setting up and lifting metallic structures common in fluvial and maritime sites.
Tubular constructions.
Group 9 – AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING WORKS
Land disposal of sewage wastes.
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Bachelor's degree - Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand
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Years of experience: 20. Registered at ProZ.com: Jun 2010. Became a member: May 2011.
I have over 20 years of translation, proofreading and editing experience and over 12 years of specialising in linguistic validation of medical documents for New Zealand English.
I specialise in the localisation of New Zealand English, specifically the linguistic validation of medical questionnaires from US English to NZ English, and I have freelance contracts with clinical research organisations and translation agencies around the globe.
Don't hesitate to contact me for any projects, big or small!
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