https://www.researchgate.net/publication/374764500_yb_fsad_a...

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Note added at 37 mins (2024-06-12 11:36:46 GMT)
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https://iraqjournals.com/article_182452_5e3c5160f03cb2ce8259...

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Note added at 38 mins (2024-06-12 11:37:29 GMT)
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https://mymemory.translated.net/en/Arabic/English/فساد-الاست...

You may, in your role as judges of the facts, draw inferences from the direct evidence. There is nothing extraordinary about that. We all do it, consciously or otherwise, in our everyday lives.

Inferences are conclusions of fact rationally drawn from a combination of proved facts. If A, B and C are established as facts then one might rationally conclude that D is also a fact, even though there might be no direct evidence that D is indeed a fact. Inferences may be valid or invalid, justified or unjustified, correct or incorrect.

In a criminal trial, you must be satisfied of the guilt of [the accused] beyond reasonable doubt. Amongst other things, that means that you should be extremely careful about drawing any inference. You should examine any possible inference to ensure that it is a justifiable inference.

https://www.judcom.nsw.gov.au/publications/benchbks/criminal...

https://www.almaany.com/ar/dict/ar-en/inference/

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Note added at 1 hr (2024-06-12 12:32:31 GMT)
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القصور في التسبيب
insufficient reasoning

Insufficient reasoning — a proper basis for setting aside an award?
https://svjt.se/content/insufficient-reasoning-proper-basis-...

hard to translate without more context

Error in establishing evidence could take series of forms. When you err in trying to prove a fact (evidencing)

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Note added at 3 days 13 hrs (2024-06-16 00:20:35 GMT) Post-grading
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Error in evidencing