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Translation glossary: AN AGRICULTURAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOTECHNOLOGY ANNOTATED DICTIONARY

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SporeA form taken by certain microbes that enables them to exist in a dormant stage 
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Stationary phaseThe plateau of the growth curve after log growth, during which cell number remains constant 
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Sticky endA protruding, single-stranded nucleotide se- quence produced when a restriction endonuclease cleaves off center in its recognition sequence. 
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Stop codonSee Termination codon. 
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StringencyReaction conditions--notably temperature, salt, and pH--that dictate the annealing of single-stranded DNA/DNA, DNA/RNA, and RNA/RNA hybrids 
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Stringent plasmidA plasmid that only replicates along with the main bacterial chromosome and is present as a single copy, or at most several copies, per cell 
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Structure-functionalismThe scientific tradition that stresses the relationship between a physical structure and its function, for example, the related disciplines of anatomy 
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STSSee Sequence-tagged site. 
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SubcloningThe process of tranferring a cloned DNA fragment from one vector to another 
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Subunit vaccineA vaccine composed of a purified antigenic determinant that is separated from the virulent organism 
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Supercoiled plasmidThe predominant in vivo form of plasmid, in which the plasmid is coiled around histone-like proteins 
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SupergeneA group of neighboring genes on a chromosome that tend to be inherited together and sometimes are functionally related. 
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SupernatantThe soluble liquid &action of a sample after centrifugation or precipitation of insoluble solids. 
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SymbiosisThe close association of two or more dissimilar organisms where both receive an advantage from the association 
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SynapsisThe pairing of homologous chromosome pairs during prophase of the first meiotic division, when crossing over occurs. 
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T-DNA (transfer DNA, tumor-DNA)The transforming region of DNA in the Ti plasmid of Agrobacterium tumefaciens. 
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Taq polymeraseA heat-stable DNA polymerase isolated from the bacterium Therrnus aquaticus, used in PCR 
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TATA boxAn adenine- and thymine-rich promoter sequence located 25-30 bp upstream of a gene, which is the binding site of RNA polymerase. 
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TelomereThe end of a chromosome. 
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TemplateAn RNA or single-stranded DNA molecule upon which a complementary nucleotide strand is synthesized. 
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Termination codonAny of three mRNA sequences (UGA, UAG, UAA) that do not code for an amino acid and thus signal the end of protein synthesis 
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Terminator regionA DNA sequence that signals the end of transcription. 
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TetracyclineAn antibiotic that interferes with protein synthesis in prokaryotes. 
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Thymidine kinase (tk)An enzyme that allows a cell to utilize an alternate metabolic pathway for incorporating thymidine into DNA 
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Ti (tumor-inducing) plasmidA giant plasmid of Agrobac- terium tumefaciens that is responsible for tumor formation in infected plants 
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Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA)See Environmental Protection Agency. 
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TraitSee Phenotype. 
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TranscapsidationThe partial of full coating of the nucleic acid of one virus with a coat protein of a differing virus 
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TranscriptionThe process of creating a complementary RNA copy of DNA. 
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Transducing phageSee Transduction. 
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TransductionThe transfer of DNA sequences from one bacterium to another via lysogenic infection by a bacteriophage (transducing phage). 
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TransfectionThe uptake and expression of a foreign DNA sequence by cultured eukaryotic cells. 
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Transfer DNASee T-DNA. 
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Transfer RNA (tRNA)See tRNA. 
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TransformantIn prokaryotes, a cell that has been ge- netically altered through the uptake of foreign DNA 
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TransformationIn prokaryotes, the natural or induced uptake and expression of a foreign DNA sequence--typically a recombinant plasmid in experimental systems 
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Transformation efficiencyThe number of bacterial cells that uptake and express plasmid DNA divided by the mass of plasmid used (in transformants/microgram) 
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Transforming oncogeneA gene that upon transfection converts a previously immortalized cell to the malignant phenotype 
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TransgeneSee Transgenic. 
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TransgenicAn organism in which a foreign DNA gene (a transgene) is incorporated into its genome early in de- velopment 
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Transgenic animalGenetically enginnered animal or offspring of genetically engineered animals 
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Transgenic plantGenetically engineered plant or offspring of genetically engineered plants 
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Transition-state intermediateIn a chemical reaction, an unstable and high-energy configuration assumed by reactants on the way to making products 
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TranslationThe process of converting the genetic infor- mation of an mRNA on ribosomes into a polypeptide 
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TranslocationThe movement or reciprocal exchange of large-chromosomal segments, typically between two different chromosomes. 
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Transposable genetic elementSee Transposon. 
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TranspositionThe movement of a DNA segment within the genome of an organism. 
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Transposon (transposable, or movable genetic element)A relatively small DNA segment that has the ability to move from one chromosomal position to another. 
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tRNA (transfer RNA)The class of small RNA molecules that transfer amino acids to the ribosome during protein synthesis 
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TrypsinA proteolytic enzyme that hydrolyzes peptide bonds on the carboxyl side of the amino acids arginine and lysine. 
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